You're probably well aware of how ubiquitous ionic lattices are - you'll find them in your food, medicine, and maybe even in the walls of your house - but by learning what lattice energy is, the lattice energy formula, and the lattice energy trend, your appreciation for chemistry will surely increase. Subtract from this the heat of formation of the ionic solid that would be formed from combining these elements in the appropriate ration. The Born-Haber Cycle can be reduced to a single equation: Heat of formation= Heat of atomization+ Dissociation energy+ (sum of Ionization energies)+ (sum of Electron affinities)+ Lattice energy. The diagram below is another representation of the Born-Haber Cycle. Solved: Calculate the lattice energy of CaCl2 using a Born - Chegg We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Some might expect such an ordered structure to be less stable because the entropy of the system would be low. Crystal Structures: Lattices and Solids in Stereoview. What is the lattice energy of CaCl2? - Answers After the removal of an electron, the electronic configuration of the unipositive calcium ion becomes [Ar] 4s1. The following trends are obvious at a glance of the data in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Estimating lattice energy using the Born-Haber cycle has been discussed in Ionic Solids. Calculate the lattice enegry of CaCl2 from the given data Ca(s Discussion:This number has not been checked. "Thermodynamics of the Relationship between Lattice Energy and Lattice Enthalpy." The lattice energy is the total potential energy of the crystal. In the case of the calcium chloride compound (CaCl2), The electronegativity value of the calcium atom = 1.0, The electronegativity value of the chlorine atom = 3.16, The electronegativity difference of the Ca-Cl bond = 2.16. Let us start the discussion of the ionic nature of calcium chloride in depth. Usually, the second ionization energy is greater than the first ionization energy. If we then add together all of the various enthalpies (if you don't remember the concept, visit our enthalpy calculator), the result must be the energy gap between the lattice and the ions. This is a geometrical factor, depending on the arrangement of ions in the solid. calculate the lattice energy of CaCl2. As there is the formation of cations and anion, there will be the electrostatic force of attraction between them. You can calculate the last four using this lattice energy calculator. Skill:Explain the trend of lattice energy. Calcium chloride is crystalline in nature and can be easily dissolved in water. Let us initiate this discussion with the basics of chemical bonds i.e., Ionic and Covalent Bond. The crystal lattice energy has influence on other physical and chemical properties: melting temperature (the higher lattice energy, the higher melting temperature), The science, which deals with crystals properties is, There are theroretical models, which allow to calculate (with better or worse result) the lattice energy. The lattice energy is usually given in kilojules per mole (kJ/mol). Hence, a covalent bond may be polar or nonpolar. Calculate the lattice energy of CaCl2 from the given data Ca A ( s) + Cl A 2 A ( g) CaCl A 2 A ( s) H f H f 0 = 795 kJ mol 1 Sublimation: (g) Ca A ( s) Ca (g) H H 1 0 = + 121 kJ mol 1 Ionisation: Ca A ( g) Ca A 2 + A ( g) + 2 e A H H 2 0 = + 2422 kJ mol 1 Dissociation: Cl A 2 A ( g) 2 Cl A ( g) H H 3 0 = + 242.8 kJ mol 1 The chlorine atom is a nonmetal and hence, it has a high tendency to gain electrons owing to its high electron affinity (E.A.) = -788 kJ/mol. The Born-Haber cycle to evaluate Elattice is shown below: Ecryst = -411-(108+496+244/2)-(-349) kJ/mol You can ask a new question or browse more Chemistry questions. enthalpies of solution and hydration - chemguide Lattice Energy and Enthalpy - Definition, Detailed Explanation - BYJUS Size of the ion On comparing the four given compounds we can see that, M gO and CaO have higher charges (+2 and -2 on the cations and anions respectively) than N aCl and KCl (+1 and -1 on the cations and anions respectively). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Welcome to Techiescientist.com. Free energy and Self-interacting Particles. Why is CaCl2 more soluble in water than CaF2? - Quora The Born-Haber cycle is more accurate as it is derived experimentally, but requires a larger amount of data. Evaluate the energy of crystallization, Ecryst . In this simple view, appropriate number of cations and anions come together to form a solid. The lattice energies for NaCl most often quoted in other texts is about 765 kJ/mol. Generally, calcium chloride is found in the hydrated form i.e., CaCl2 (H2O)n, where n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6. As calcium is a white crystalline solid and hence, the first step would be the conversion of solid calcium to gaseous calcium atom by providing sublimation energy (Hsub) because metals can donate their electrons only in gaseous form. Dissociation : Cl 2(g) 2Cl (g) H 3 = +242.8 KJ mol-1 . For example, Cl exists as Cl2 in its elemental state. Which one of the following ionic solids would have the largest lattice The Kb of pyridine, C5H5N, is 1.5 x 10-9. In covalent bonding, the ionization energy of the atom is very high that it cannot donate its electron or electron pair. First, he found that **in most cases was equal to 0.345pm0.345\ \text{pm}0.345pm, and so replaced it by ddd, equal to 3.451011m3.45\times10^{11}\ \text{m}3.451011m. Next, he replaced the measured distance between ions, r0r_0r0, with merely the sum of the two ionic radii, r++rr^++r^-r++r. Energy needed to vaporize one mole of Ca (s) is 192 kJ. This is the energy of the ionic solid, and will be used at the end of the process to determine the lattice energy. When methods to evaluate the energy of crystallization or lattice energy lead to reliable values, these values can be used in the Born-Haber cycle to evaluate other chemical properties, for example the electron affinity, which is really difficult to determine directly by experiment. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Now the metal and nonmetal will be combined to form the ionic solid. The covalent bond results when there is a sharing of electron pair between atoms of the molecule. Values of lattice energies for various solids have been given in literature, especially for some common solids. For the reverse process of Equation \ref{eq1}: \[\ce{ a M^{b+} (g) + b X^{a-} (g) \rightarrow M_{a}L_{b}(s) }\]. Ca^2+(g) + 2Cl^-(g) --> CaCl2 dH = lattice How do we get to know that calcium chloride is an Ionic compound? The Madelung constant, \(M\), is a poorly converging series of interaction energies: \[ M= \dfrac{6}{1} - \dfrac{12}{2} + \dfrac{8}{3} - \dfrac{6}{4} + \dfrac{24}{5} \label{6.13.2}\]. Ca(s) --> Ca(g) dH = +192 kJ Permalink is the link containing your input data. Now, the calcium cation and the chlorine anions are attracted by the electrostatic force of attraction and hence, there is the formation of an ionic bond between these two atoms. CaCl2, referred to as calcium chloride, is a member of alkaline earth metal halides i.e., MX2, where, M is an alkaline earth metal. \(e\) is the charge of an electron (\(1.6022 \times 10^{-19}\; C\)). Jenkins, H. Donald B. The other trend that can be observed is that, as you move down a group in the periodic table, the lattice energy decreases. The heat energy released when new bonds are made between the ions and water molecules is known as the hydration enthalpy of the ion. What is the lattice energy of Calcium Chloride? - Vedantu (b) Using data from Appendix C, Figure 7.9, and Figure 7.11 and the value of the second ionization energy for Ca,1145kJ/mol. The compound does not dissolve in water. D of Cl2 = 244 (Bond dissociation energy) 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. (a) doubling . Coventry, West Midlands, UK: University of Warwick, 2005. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Ionization : Ca (g) Ca 2+ (g) + 2e-H 2 = + 242.8 KJ mol-1 . where N is the Avogadro's number (6.022x10-23), and n is a number related to the electronic configurations of the ions involved. The melting and boiling point of anhydrous calcium chloride is very high. Therefore, the hard-sphere equation for lattice energy is: U=\frac {N_ {\text {A}}z^+z^-e^2 M} {4\pi\varepsilon_0r_0} U = 40r0N Az +z e2M where: N_ {\text {A}} N A Avogadro's number; and M M Madelung constant. There are other factors to consider for the evaluation of energy of crystallization, and the treatment by M. Born led to the formula for the evaluation of crystallization energy \(E_{cryst}\), for a mole of crystalline solid. As one might expect, the best way of finding the energy of a lattice is to take an amount of the substance, seal it in an insulated vessel (to prevent energy exchange with the surroundings), and then heat the vessel until all of the substance is gas. How do you calculate lattice energy? [Answered!] - scienceoxygen.com It can also be calculated from the electrostatic consideration of its crystal structure. That immediately removes any possibility of confusion. LiCl, NaCl, CaCl2, Al2O3. Vol. This is due to the ions attracting each other much more strongly on account of their greater magnitude of charge. To do this, the ionization energy of the metal will be added to the value from Step 3. The ionic bond is the chemical bond between metal and nonmetal. Why is my internet redirecting to gslbeacon.ligit.com and how do I STOP THIS. Lattice energy - Wikipedia ), https://calculla.com/crystal_lattice_energy, chem.libretexts.org: lattice energy: the Born-Haber cycle, wiredchemist.com: alternative table with lattice energy values, crystallography.net: public database with crystal structures, youtube.com: video about einstein solid model (crystal), Lattice energy (measured in Born-Haber-Fajan cycle) [kJ/mol], Equivalently, lattice energy can be defined as the. Expert Answer 100% (2 ratings) (14) Lattice energy values are, CaF2 = 2611 kJ/mol CaCl2 = 2195 kJ/mol CaO = 3464 kJ/mol CaS = 3093 kJ/mol The decreasing order of lattice enrgies, CaO > CaS > CaF2 > CaCl2 Theoretical Reason: More is the char View the full answer Step-by-step solution Step 1 of 5 The standard enthalpy of formation of an ionic solid from its constituent elements is given by Hess's Law: .. (1) In the equation, = the standard enthalpy of formation of the solid compound This kind of construction is known as a Born-Haber cycle. the energy released is called energy of crystallization (\(E_{cryst}\)). Lattice energy is often used to estimate the strength of an ionic bond. The lattice energy (U) of the calcium chloride is -2195 kJ/mol. Next, the electron affinity of the nonmetal will be subtracted from the previous value. Chichester: Horwood, 1994. "Lattice Energy". You can find the polarity of a compound by finding electronegativities (an atoms desire for an electron) of the atoms; Carbon has an electronegativity of 2.5, compared to Fluorines A) Enter the the Ksp expression for the solid AB2 in terms of the molar solubility x. They are: 1. How to Calculate the Lattice Energy of CaCl 2: The Born-Haber cycle and Hess's Law can be used to calculate the lattice energy of an ionic crystal. In one definition, the lattice energy is the energy required to break apart an ionic solid and convert its component atoms into gaseous ions. This is permalink. Suzuki, Takashi. The atomic mass calculator takes the number of protons and neutrons in an atom and displays the atomic mass in atomic mass units and kilograms. In the following discussion, assume r be the distance between Na+ and Cl- ions. Lattice energy can be defined as the energy required to convert one mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ionic constituents. Calculate the lattice energy of Cacl2 given that the heat of sublimation of Ca=121 kJ/mol and Hf Cacl2=-795 first ionization of ca = 589.5 second ionization of ca = 1145 the electron affinity of Cl = 349 the cl2 bond energy is 242.7 I have found all information that i believe are needed to IP of Na(g) = 496 (Ionization potential or energy) In other words, treating the AgCl as 100% ionic underestimates its lattice enthalpy by quite a lot. Boston: Birkhauser, 2005. Answered: (a) Based on the lattice energies of | bartleby Ca^+(g) --> Ca^2+ + e dH = + 1146 kJ Lime, CaO, is know to have the same structure as NaCl and the edge length of the unit cell for CaO is 481 pm. Perhaps surprisingly, there are several ways of finding the lattice energy of a compound. This quantity cannot be experimentally determined directly, but it can be estimated using a Hess Law approach in the form of Born-Haber cycle. Therefore, the first step would be the dissociation of chlorine elements into chlorine atoms and the next step would be acceptance of electrons. [References) CHEMWORK The lattice energy of CaCl, is-2247 kJ/mol, and the enthalpy of hydration of one mole of gaseous Ca2+ and two moles of gaseous Cl" ions is -2293 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of Cl is-348kJ/mol. Use an enthalpy diagram to calculate the lattice energy of CaCl2 from the following information. Ca2+ (g) + 2Cl-(g) CaCl2 (s) + U. Unfortunately, this is not the case. This is because ions are generally unstable, and so when they inevitably collide as they diffuse (which will happen quite a lot considering there are over 600 sextillion atoms in just one mole of substance as you can discover with our Avogadro's number calculator) they are going to react to form more stable products. Calculate the lattice energy for CaCl2 from the following information Which one of the following has the greatest lattice energy? Using the values giving in the discussion above, the estimation is given by Equation \ref{6.13.3a}: \[ \begin{align*} E_cryst&= \dfrac{(6.022 \times 10^{23} /mol (1.6022 \times 10 ^{-19})^2 (1.747558)}{ 4\pi \, (8.854 \times 10^{-12} C^2/m ) (282 \times 10^{-12}\; m} \left( 1 - \dfrac{1}{9.1} \right) \\[4pt] &= - 766 kJ/mol \end{align*}\]. 2 k J m o l -. The Lattice energy, U, is the amount of energy required to separate a mole of the solid (s) into a gas (g) of its ions. Calculate the lattice energy for CaCl2 from the following information: Energy needed to vaporize one mole of Ca(s) is 192kJ. This reaction results in an appreciable increase in temperature i.e., exothermic reaction, and hence, dissolution of calcium chloride in water has a high enthalpy of solvation. As implied in the definition, this process will always be exothermic, and thus the value for lattice energy will be negative. Ca(g) --> Ca^+ + e dH = + 589.5 kJ The size of the lattice energy is connected to many other physical properties including solubility, hardness, and volatility. So, is CaCl2 Ionic or Covalent? Define lattice energy, ionization energy, and electron affinity. This energy is known as Lattice Energy (U) and its value depends upon the strength of the Ionic bond. Ca(s) + Cl2(g) ==> CaCl2(s) dHformation = -795 kJ. Kapustinskii, a Soviet scientist, also noticed this and decided to make some improvements to the Born-Mayer equation to make it more fit for general purpose. Posterior Thigh _____ 4. Metals exist in nature as single atoms and thus no dissociation energy needs to be added for this element. This definition causes the value for the lattice energy to always be positive, since this will always be an endothermic reaction. { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lattice_Energy:_The_Born-Haber_cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Enthalpies_and_Born_Haber_Cycles : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "The_Born-Lande\'_equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Inorganic_Solids : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Basics : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Defects : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Metal_Lattices : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Solids : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Thermodynamics_of_Lattices : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "Born-Haber cycle", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)%2FCrystal_Lattices%2FThermodynamics_of_Lattices%2FLattice_Energy%253A_The_Born-Haber_cycle, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Chung (Peter) Chieh (Professor Emeritus, Chemistry @University of Waterloo). Calculate the enthalpy of solution per mole of solid CaCl2. Jimmy aaja, jimmy aaja. Therefore. We will discuss one briefly, and we will explain the remaining four, which are all slight variations on each other, in more detail. (a) Based on the lattice energies of MgCl2 and SrCl2 given in Tab THIS QUESTION IS BASED UPON BORN HABER CYCLE, ca(s) + cl2(g) __ Cacl2 now deltaHf = 795 kj/mol, total ionisation enthalpy = 589.5 + 1145 = 1734.5 kj/mol, total bond dissociation enthalpy = 242.7 kj/mol, we have two cl atoms so electron gain enthalpy for two atoms is = 2*(-349) = -698 kj/mol as electron gain enthalpy = -(electron affinity), enthalpy of formation = enthalpy of sublimation + ionisation enthalpy + bond dissociation enthalpy + electron gain enthalpy + lattice enthalpy, -795 = 1734.5+121+242.7-698+lattice enthalpy, so lattice enthalpy = -795 1400.2 = 2195.2 kj/mol, I have found all information that i believe are needed to, For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/jHX2X, You will need to draw a born harbour cycle. CALCULLA - Table of lattice energy values CaCl2 is an ionic compound owing to the large electronegativity difference between the calcium atom and chlorine atom, which is greater than 2.0. Work Plz. Enter the the Ksp expression forC2D3 in terms of the molar solubility x.? Which one of the following has the greatest Lattice Energy? An Hinglish word (Hindi/English). You set up But for simplicity, let us consider the ionic solids as a collection of positive and negative ions. It is this that causes ionic solids to have such high melting and boiling points. Does this mean addressing to a crowd? EA of Cl(g) = -349 (Electron affinity of Cl) Next, consider that this equation is for two ions acting on each other alone, while in a lattice each ion is acted on by every other ion at a strength relative to their interatomic distance. Solved [References) CHEMWORK The lattice energy of CaCl, | Chegg.com This can be thought of in terms of the lattice energy of NaCl\text{NaCl}NaCl: That the ions are in their gaseous state is important; in this form, they are thought to be infinitely far apart, i.e., there are no interactions between them. In calcium chloride, the calcium atom donates its two electrons and become cation whereas each chlorine atom gain one electron, donated by Calcium, and get a negative charge. As the ionic radii of either the cation or anion increase, the lattice energies decrease. MgCl2 Expert Answer 100% (6 ratings) Let us First consider the Born-Lande equation for computing Lattice Energy- So from the equation,two things are clear which the Lattice Energy U depends on- The Charge on the ions- Lattice Energy U is directlry proportional with the charge View the full answer Previous question Next question First, we can see that by increasing the charge of the ions, we will dramatically increase the lattice energy. The Madelung constant depends on the structure type, and its values for several structural types are given in Table 6.13.1. *Note: In this general equation, the electron affinity is added. kJ/mol CaCl2 Submit Submit Answer Try Another Version 9 item attempts remaining. The Lattice energy, \(U\), is the amount of energy required to separate a mole of the solid (s) into a gas (g) of its ions. Calculate the lattice energy of Cacl2? First, to find the energy on a per mole basis, the equation should be multiplied by Avogadro's constant, NAN_{\text{A}}NA. How Ionic Bond formation takes place in Calcium Chloride, Differentiation between Ionic and Covalent bond. Me molesta que mis padres no ______ (cuidar) su alimentacin.. 3. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of CaCl 2, given that :Enthalpy of sublimation for Ca s Ca g =121 kJ mol 1Enthalpy of dissociation of Cl 2 g 2 Cl g =242.8 kJ mol 1Ionisation energy of Ca g Ca ++ g =2422 kJ mol 1Electron gain enthalpy of 2 Cl 2 Cl 1 =2 355 kJ mol 1= 710 kJ mol 1Enthalpy of formation of CaCl 2= 795 kJ mol 1A. For a single atom in the lattice, the summation of all of these interactions can be found, known as the Madelung constant, MMM, which is then multiplied by the equation above. However, it is not true in the case of the calcium atom i.e., alkaline earth metals. Unfortunately, some of the factors for both the Born-Land and Born-Mayer equations require either careful computation or detailed structural knowledge of the crystal, which are not always easily available to us. However, the melting point of hexahydrate calcium chloride is only 29.9 C. The lattice energy of CaO is 3460 kJ/mol. To correct for this, Born and Land (yes, the same Born as in the Born-Haber cycle, prolific, we know) proposed an equation to describe this repulsive energy: By adding this correction to the hard-sphere equation, differentiating it with respect to rrr, assuming that at r=r0r=r_0r=r0 the potential energy is at a minimum, rearranging for BBB, and finally substituting that back into the hard-sphere equation, you end up with the Born-Land equation: As you might expect, the Born-Land equation gives a better prediction of the lattice energy than the hard-sphere model. After this, it was shown that the Madelung constant of a structure divided by the number of atoms in the structure's empirical formula was always roughly equal (0.85\sim0.850.85), and so a constant to account for this could be used to replace the Madelung constant. What is the lattice energy of CaCl2? | Homework.Study.com Ca (s) + Cl 2(g) CaCl 2(s) H f 0 = -795 KJ mol-1. When an atom forms a chemical bond, it tends to achieve the nearest noble gas configuration. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Corrundum Al2O3 has some covalent character in the solid as well as the higher charge of the ions. \[ E_{cryst} = \dfrac{N Z^2e^2}{4\pi \epsilon_o r} \left( 1 - \dfrac{1}{n} \right)\label{6.13.3a} \]. Born-Land equation While the hard-sphere model is a useful approximation, it does have some issues. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Born-Haber Cycle Solved Question 14 5 pts Compare the lattice energies of the - Chegg This energy is known as Lattice Energy (U) and its value depends upon the strength of the Ionic bond. The basis of these models are, One of most common crystal model is so-called, Data within first table (ion pairs) come from. The crystal lattice energy has influence on other physical and chemical properties: solubility, volatility, melting temperature (the higher lattice energy, the higher melting temperature), hardness, etc. In order to use the Born-Haber Cycle, there are several concepts that we must understand first. plz tell me what are the steps to solve this question. Cheetham, A.K. The calcium chloride compound consists of one calcium atom and two chlorine atoms. For calcium the first ionization energy is 589.5kJ/mol and the second ionization energy is 1146kJ/mol. { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lattice_Energy:_The_Born-Haber_cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Enthalpies_and_Born_Haber_Cycles : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "The_Born-Lande\'_equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Inorganic_Solids : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Basics : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Lattice_Defects : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Metal_Lattices : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Solids : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Thermodynamics_of_Lattices : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "Born-Haber cycle", "Lattice Energy", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "energy of crystallization", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)%2FCrystal_Lattices%2FThermodynamics_of_Lattices%2FLattice_Energy, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\).