14 English Words from Yiddish | Merriam-Webster In 1951, when it was covering a strike by the citys bagel bakers, The New York Times felt the need to explain to readers what the pastry in question was: a glazed surfaced roll with the firm white dough.. Ancient Egyptian bagels. [1] "Yeshivish" may also refer to non- Hasidic Haredi Jews. The fact that it begins with a kv is reason enough to want to add it to our language, but in addition to that there is no such thing as too many words for complaining. [citation needed], Many cultures developed similar breads and preparations, such as bubliki in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and obwarzanek (in particular obwarzanek krakowski) in Poland. A Schlemiel, he goes on to explain, is someone who falls on his back and breaks his nose. It was sold on the street by vendors with baskets or hanging on long sticks. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. ", "SCS 020| Bread Classifications | Stella Culinary", "In Defense Of The Bread-Sliced Bagel, From A St. Louis Native", "Apparently People Slice Bagels Like Bread In St. Louis And Honestly? 'ripping/tearing the beigl') at Easter where two people pull on opposite ends of a beigl until it breaks into two pieces. Selling bagels was common in Jewish communities, though the penalties for doing so without a license could be severe. [36], A flat bagel, known as a 'flagel', can be found in a few locations in and around New York City, Long Island, and Toronto. Although so many new varieties of bagels have now appeared in New York, purists will have only the original plain water bagels, which are made by throwing rings of risen dough into violently boiling water for a few seconds, then draining, cooling, and baking quickly till golden, shiny, and crisp. "But even then she kvetched so much (he could still hear her; vampires have very good hearing), he finally gave up and shipped the two of them home."
Let's Define Our Terms: Are We Really Yeshivish? bagel ( plural bagels ) A toroidal bread roll that is boiled before it is baked. Like all bagel bakers, the Lenders had to cope with uneven demand: fewer customers wanted bagels during the week, while on weekends, the bakery could easily sell between 3,000 and 6,000 dozen. Pumpernickel Bagels. [21][22][23], In Japan, the first kosher bagels were brought by BagelK[ja] from New York in 1989. Judaism Religion Religion and Spirituality. In addition, some bagel makers in the U.S. (particularly New England producer Zeppy's) spell the word "baigel", while maintaining the typical pronunciation. There are a couple of ironies in this statement. Second, the term "in-Shabbos" is hardly a "very yeshivish connotation" or a yeshivish . This is because a bagel looks like the number zero, which is the points gained by incorrectly answering all of the questions. - Ray Jones, Great American Stuff: A Celebration of People, Places, and Products that Make Us Happy to Live in America, 1997. : a person connected to an activity, an organization, a movement, etc. Zaftig has been in use in English since the 1920s; a couple of the earliest known uses are found in Variety magazine, in reviews of burlesque dancers. The word bagel itself comes from the Yiddish word "beigel" (pronounced like "bye-gel"), which was later anglicized to "bagel" when immigrants introduced the food to the United States during the 20th century. High-gluten flour gives the roll its spongy, chewy texture, which can be lightened by the addition of eggs, milk, and butter. For the group of people who are commonly referred to as "Yeshivish", see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters, Comparison of American and British English, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeshivish&oldid=1104958537, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2022, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Yiddish-language text, Articles that may contain original research from June 2013, All articles that may contain original research, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 August 2022, at 19:23.
Common Yiddish Words, Phrases, Sayings & What They Mean - Refinery29 [12] Fathers and sons, particularly of teenage years and above, might speak Yeshivish, while mothers and daughters generally speak a milder variety of it, which generally features Yeshivish phonology but excludes many Talmudic words. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crusttraditional choices include poppy and sesame seedsor with salt grains. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. If this word is new to you and you would like to take it out for a spin please be advised that even though most dictionaries define it as connoting attractiveness people to whom it might apply are likely to not appreciate its use. Mix the yeast with 1 teaspoon of the warmed maple syrup, and a tablespoon of lukewarm water. [30], Different from the New York style, the Montreal-style bagel contains malt and sugar with no salt; it is boiled in honey-sweetened water before baking in a wood-fired oven. Starting at around 2 ounces (57g),[24] by 1915, the average bagel weighed 3 ounces (85g);[15] the size began to increase further in the 1960s. It may be a reference to the fact that bagel dough has to "rest" for at least 12 hours between mixing and baking, or simply to the fact that the hour hand on a clock traces a bagel shape . The yiddish word for bagel is actually beigel, and it is also theorized that the bagel is a descendent of the German pretzel, which is another yeasted dough bread that is boiled then baked. This is the oldest slang use of "to bagel" attested to, and it may have originated with the old stadium scoreboards on . - Darrell Schweitzer & Martin Harry Greenberg, Full Moon City, 2010, of a woman : slightly fat in an attractive way: having a full, rounded figure. He found this so demeaning that he migrated back to Egypt, where a large part of his family had settled. Bagels are a quintessential Jewish food. Several cities with large Jewish communities soon laid claim to having the best bagels.
Cultural difference between Hasidim and Yeshivish : r/Judaism - reddit The widespread availability and interest in lox did not come about until Eastern European Jews arrived in America in the late 19th and early . As traditionally made, the dough is shaped by hand into a ring, boiled for a short time in water to seal the dough to ensure a compact texture, and then baked. The origin of the name bagel is disputed. Would you like to know how to translate yeshivish to other languages? there is no formal definition for yeshivish since there is yeshivish movement or group. In Turkey, a salty and fattier form is called ama. The Yiddish word bubkes (also spelled in both English and Yiddish as bupkes or bubkus) is thought to be short for the colorful kozebubkes, which means 'goat droppings'something you may want to consider the next time you find yourself saying 'I've got bubkes.
bagel : definition of bagel and synonyms of bagel (English) - sensagent More recently, in the last hundred years, we've added many Yiddish words in our melting pot. That began to change in Poland, where enlightened views began to prevail, and Jews began to be welcomed cautiously. In recent years, a variant has emerged, producing what is sometimes called the steam bagel. The history of bagels development and soaring popularity gives a window to Jewish history and fortunes over the past 800 years.
BAGEL | significado en ingls - Cambridge Dictionary may be used as praise markers. Chef Frank Tujague is behind the pricey pastry that costs $1,000. 2011 January 30, Piers Newbery, "Australian Open: Djokovic too good for Murray in final", in BBC [1]: The Scot, who had been close to a two-set deficit in his . William F. Buckley, Aberdeen American News, 12 June 1973, It should be stated at the outset that the parentage of glitch is not assured, something we should not hold against so useful a word. [27], According to a 2012 Consumer Reports article, the ideal bagel should have a slightly crispy crust, a distinct "pull" when a piece is separated from the whole by biting or pinching, a chewy inside, and the flavor of bread freshly baked. Yeshivish, like the more secular Jewish. Tuna bagel usually refers to a boy with more cell phones and keys than he can handle. The word that names it comes from that language's word beygl. Some historians trace the name to 1683, when a Viennese baker crafted a ring-like pastry in honor of King Jan Sobieski of Poland, to thank him for leading Austrian troops to repel the invading Turkish army.
Bagel Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary '", "United Airlines Resumes Flights Delayed by Computer Glitch." Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. The other day, Tech Insider posted a video about the best way to cut a bagel. Intrigued, yet skeptical of 2002-2023 My Jewish Learning. In tennis, a "bagel" refers to a player winning a set 6-0; winning a match 6-0, 6-0, 6-0 is called a "triple bagel." "Bagel" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straighte.g.,.
Jumble Answers for 09/26/2021 | Jumble Answers [citation needed], Bagels can be frozen for up to six months. boiling each bagel in water that may contain additives such as lye, baking soda, barley malt syrup, or honey baking at between 175 C and 315 C (about 350-600 F) It is this unusual production method which is said to give bagels their distinctive taste, chewy texture, and shiny appearance. Their Generosity Ended Up Saving Jewish Lives, Why Harry S. Truman Recognized the State of Israel, When Arabian Jews and Muslims Lived in Peace, Portraits of Valor: Heroic Jewish Women You Should Know, Top Six Rules Every Mother-in-Law and Daughter-in-Law Should Follow. Toasting can have the effect of bringing or removing desirable chewiness, softening the crust, and moderating off-flavors. Using a pastry brush, brush the egg wash on top and around the sides of each bagel. LAer. Nowadays, you may even see a loaf of pumpernickel bread that has been made with a combination of whole rye berries and rye flour.
16 Different Types of Bagels (Bagel Flavors and a Brief History) Strain the broth . The Megillah is typically read out loud from a scroll in course of certain Jewish holidays. Accessed 4 Mar. Some Japanese bagels are sweet; the orthodox kosher bagels are the same as in the U.S. The base of all artistic genius is the power of conceiving humanity in a new, striking, rejoicing way, of putting a happy world of its own creation in place of the meaner world of common days, of generating around itself an atmosphere with a novel power of refraction, selecting, transforming, recombining the images it transmits, according to the choice of the imaginative intellect. Step 1: Place corn cobs, quartered onion, parsley and peppercorns in a large pot. Fun Fact: Bagel is a Yeshivish term meaning to sleep for 12 hours straght. Or is "honey water" a euphemism for "malt water"? You're such a nudnik. Reprinted with permission from The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York,published by Knopf. yeshivish. Laura Trust, co-owner of the Boston-area Finagle a Bagel chain of bagel stores, is part of that trend. [2] Bagels are also sold (fresh or frozen, often in many flavors) in supermarkets. Other variations change the flavor of the dough, often using blueberry, salt, onion, garlic, egg, cinnamon, raisin, chocolate chip, cheese, or some combination of the above. The bagel, both the humblest and mightiest of all bread forms, is, unsurprisingly, of Yiddish origins. Despite what multiple websites say about Montreal bagels being boiled in honey water baths , is this a verified current practice beyond website claims? Illegal selling of bagels by children was common and viewed as respectable, especially by orphans helping their widowed mothers, but if they were caught by a policeman they would be beaten and their baskets, bagels, and linen cover would be taken away. (The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey From Samarkand to New York, by Claudia Roden, Alfred A. Knopf, New York: 1996.). A bagel [1] is a bread roll originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. This is sometimes known as "Yeshivish," coming from the word "yeshiva," generally referring to the schools for the organized study of Jewish holy texts. The work lists, defines, and provides examples for nearly 250 Yeshivish words and phrases. Simit are also sold on the street in baskets or carts, as bagels were then.
Homemade Bagels Recipe - Sally's Baking Addiction l / a soft, chewy, circular piece of bread with a hole in the center (Definicin de bagel del Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary Cambridge University Press) Ejemplos de bagel bagel In recent years, a variant of this process has emerged, producing what is sometimes called the steam bagel. In Lithuania, bagels are called riestainiai, and sometimes by their Slavic name baronkos. Traditionally it has to be torn apart by two individuals before eating. [1], "Yeshivish" may also refer to non-Hasidic Haredi Jews. For example: There are a number of phrasal verbs calqued from Yiddish, for instance bring down and tell over 'recount, retell (a story)'. In the late 19th century, European Jewish immigrants introduced the bagel to the United States, where it gained a popular association with New York City. The worlds largest bagel weighed 393.7 kg (868 lb) and was made by Brueggers Bagels (USA) and displayed at the New York state fair, Geddes, New York, USA on 27 August 2004. In the early Middle Ages, a form of round bread became popular among German migrants to Poland, similar to the classic German pretzel. Drop bagels in, 2-4 at a time, making sure they have enough room to float around. Non-traditional versions that change the dough recipe include pumpernickel, rye, sourdough, bran, whole wheat, and multigrain. Webster's New World by Barteldo in MicrosoftRewards. The definitions we provide for schlemiel and schlimazel are quite similar; both refer to an individual who is deficient in luck. The vocabulary and grammatical structure of Yeshivish are drawn primarily from the speaker's native language (see above), although the vocabulary includes scholarly jargon, primarily from the Talmud and Acharonim in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Aramaic. Susaml Halkann Tlsm. The Barry Sisters together with the Ziggy Elman Orchestra made it popular in the US in 1939. economic importance of tourism; manufacturing trade show 2022 There does not appear to be any written evidence of klutz in English prior to 1959, when Carl Reiner explained the meaning of the word to the Los Angeles Times: "[a klutz is] a dancer who dances as good as he can, but instead of just applause he also gets laughter." Yeshivish is primarily a male-spoken dialect. In some parts of Austria, ring-shaped pastries called Beugel are sold in the weeks before Easter. What the hell is so big about shrimp?" "Bagel" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straight, e.g., "I slept a bagel last night." [11] Its name derives from the Yiddish word beygal from the German dialect word beugel, meaning 'ring' or 'bracelet'. Actually, I bageled her once myself.
Free online group classes for kids 5-13 - TakeLessons [50], "Bagel" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straighte.g., "I slept a bagel last night." 2001, : a person who often drops things, falls down, etc. In the old days, they were supposed to be a protection against demons and evil spirits, warding off the evil eye and bringing good luck.
Discover - Roblox The ring-shaped simit is sometimes marketed today as a Turkish bagel. "Bagel" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straight, e.g., "I slept a bagel last night." There are various opinions as to the origins of this term. "Xinjiang". [8] Heilman (2006)[9] and others consider code-switching a part of Yeshivish.
Bagels: Are They Good for You? - WebMD The word bagel comes from the Yiddish word, bajgiel. A bagel is a traditional Jewish roll that's shaped like a doughnut and often served sliced in half, toasted, and spread with butter or cream cheese. We've been borrowing liberally from other languagesFrench, Latin, and Italian to mention just a fewfor centuries. [3][4] The basic roll-with-a-hole design, hundreds of years old, allows even cooking and baking of the dough; it also allows groups of bagels to be gathered on a string or dowel for handling, transportation, and retail display. Montreal is also known for its bagels where a little honey is added to the boiling water, which makes the bagels sweeter. One goose, two geese. As Jews immigrated from Europe to North America, many settled in Toronto and Montreal, Canada, which created their own style of bagels distinct from the New York style.
Bagel - The Jewish Chronicle This can be explained as much of the Yeshivish lexicon is learned in Yeshiva where the studying takes place using a specialist nomenclature.
bagel - Wiktionary gel b-gl plural bagels 1 : a firm doughnut-shaped roll traditionally made by boiling and then baking 2 [from the resemblance of a bagel to the zero in the score of such a set] tennis, slang : a set (see set entry 2 sense 15) in which one player or team wins every game Explaining her decision to go back to her culinary roots and start making old-fashioned, kosher bagels like her ancestors once enjoyed, she explains: I think the timing is good in that bagels are having a bit of a renaissance, a resurgence right now, concluding thats good for everyone.. Jewish bakers made round-shaped pastries like obwarzanek, but boiled them instead of baking the bread, calling them bagels. Bread flour or other high gluten flours are preferred to create the firm, dense but spongy bagel shape and chewy texture. Yet, bagels, like the Jewish people itself, are resilient, and a new generation of bakers and customers is rediscovering the joys of traditional Jewish bagels. [28], A typical[clarification needed] bagel has 260350 calories, 1.04.5 grams of fat, 330660 milligrams of sodium, and 25 grams of fiber. Final stops may devoice and pre-nasal // may not raise. The history of bagels gives a window to Jewish history and fortunes over the past 800 years. So traditionally speaking, the proper pronunciation would be "bye-gel." (Thats 72,000 bagels in one weekend!). "Bagel" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straighte.g., "I slept a bagel last night." There are various opinions as to the origins of this term. [32] This style of bagel was popularized by the St. Louis Bread Company, now known as Panera Bread. Learn a new word every day. In those days, you . When the Jews left Eastern Europe in great masses for America, Canada and Europe, many sold bagels from pushcarts on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and in the East End of London. Join in to explore, learn more, and begin your journey towards learning your new skill. It is predominantly of the sesame "white" seeds variety (bagels in Toronto are similar to those made in New York in that they are less sweet, generally are coated with poppy seeds and are baked in a standard oven). A month ago in Paris, his widow, Rgine, told me of his difficulties in communicating in either English or Yiddish, and of his surprise when he first encountered bagels. Today the average bagel is about 6 inches wide and about 350 calories. . 39 comments. The New York Times (headline), 8 July 2015, 1 :sentimental or florid music or art 2 : sentimentality. [2][10], In the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the bajgiel became a staple of Polish cuisine. The first beugel bakeries were founded in New York City in the 1920s. [deleted] 5 yr. ago. In Japan, the first kosher bagels were brought by BagelK (K) from New York in 1989. Name the five freshwater fish, the "correct" answers are all saltwater fish. In Canada, for instance, people from Toronto and Montreal, pronounce it like bay-gel, (the Yiddish pronunciation) -whereas people from the smaller towns of Northern Ontario and the east coast of Canada tend to pronounce the first syllable as bag-el, as in 'shopping bag'. shlichus > shlichusin 'mission' and mashmaus > mashmausin 'implication'. Updates? it is a term imposed by others and sometimes assumed. For instance, the plural of yeshiva is yeshivas rather than yeshivois as in Ashkenazi Hebrew (although this is similar to the plural form in Yiddish). Delivered to your inbox! Traditionally or modern, a glaze of egg yolk or milk applied before baking produces a shiny crust. [2] Sometimes it has an extra connotation of non-Hasidic Haredi Jews educated in yeshiva and whose education made a noticeable specific cultural impact onto them. [citation needed], The term "bageling" refers to when a Jew uses a Jewish word or phrase in a conversation, or in the vicinity of a stranger who is also clearly Jewish, in order to inform them that they are also Jewish. Documents in Turkish History 2] (Kasm 1967): 56, nsal, Artun. In either process, a glaze of egg yolk or milk applied before baking produces a shiny crust. Some verbs, particularly those of Hebrew origin, are often treated as participles, and inflected by English auxiliary verbs, in the same way that periphrastic verbs are constructed in Yiddish. While many terms from the Talmud and Mishna exist in Modern Hebrew, their pronunciation is often in line with Modern Hebrew, whereas in the Yeshivish variant, they are pronounced in the traditional Ashkenazic way. - W. Cothran Campbell, Memoirs of a Longshot, 2007, Futz is a word that has the sort of etymology that will make small children think that studying language is an enjoyable pursuit. [25] Most bagel recipes call for the addition of a sweetener to the dough, often barley malt (syrup or crystals), honey, high fructose corn syrup, or sugar, with or without eggs, milk or butter. In 1954, the Lenders converted part of their garage to a storage freezer and started making bagels all week long, then freezing them for the weekend rush. In Romania, bagels are popular topped with poppy, sesame seeds or large salt grains, especially in the central area of the country, and the recipe does not contain any added sweetener. Bagel also historically spelled beigel is doughnut -shaped yeast-leavened roll that is characterized by a crisp, shiny crust and a dense interior. In many sentences, however, the grammatical and lexical features of the speaker's native language are slight and sometimes even lacking altogether. The first is a master's thesis by Steven Ray Goldfarb (University of Texas at El Paso, 1979) called "A Sampling of Lexical Items in Yeshiva English." - Woody Allen, Mere Anarchy, 2007, For a long time before megillah was the word that was used to refer to an overlong story or convoluted production its primary meaning was a considerably different one. Set aside for 10 mins or so to become frothy.
Yeshivish (Frimlish) - the Jewish Ebonics - The Jerusalem Post Our weekly email is chockful of interesting and relevant insights into Jewish history, food, philosophy, current events, holidays and more Dr. Alt Miller lives with her family in Chicago, and has lectured internationally on Jewish topics. On Brick Lane in east London, there are two long-established bagel shops in which the item is spelled beigel, with pronunciation (bygl) to match. Yeshivish A sect or type of the religious Jewish community which usually includes Jews who've attended Yeshiva / seminary and has left a significant cultural mark on. The preface, on the reality of Yeshivish is deep and the other small discussions at the beginning (including a translation of Hamlet's soliloquy) are amazing. My Jewish Learning is a not-for-profit and relies on your help. When Polish Jews went away to the United States, they brought the beugel with them. It is thought to have come (no one is entirely certain) from a modification of the Yiddish phrase arumfartsn zikh, the literal translation of which is 'to fart around. Tearing off the larger piece is meant to bring good luck. According to CNN, Brooklynites believe New York bagels are the best due to the quality of the local water. ( tennis, slang) A score of 6-0 in a set (after the shape of a bagel, which looks like a zero). Yeshivish ( Yiddish: ), also known as Yeshiva English, Yeshivisheh Shprach, or Yeshivisheh Reid, is a sociolect of English spoken by Yeshiva students and other Jews with a strong connection to the Orthodox Yeshiva world. Its dough is boiled, then baked, and the result should be a rich caramel color; it. For instance Oh!, Ooh-aah! In Yiddish, this means "banging the kettle," but in the Americanized version of the expression, it means "stop bothering me.". Hed never seen bagels before; unable to master the Yiddish that many of his customers spoke, he eventually left America and moved to Egypt, where there was also then a thriving Jewish community. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, bagel derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish beygl, which came from the Middle High German bugel or 'ring', which itself came from bouc ('ring') in Old High German, similar to the Old English bag ('ring') and bgan ('to bend, bow'). Cuisine of Israel: A bagel, also historically spelled beigel, is a bread product originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. Nglish: Translation of bagel for Spanish Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about bagel. Omissions? Feeling 'bumfuzzled' or have the 'collywobbles'? Large bagel-holes are also a hallmark of Jerusalem bagels, which are still sometimes draped on wooden sticks in bakeries, the way bagels used to be displayed in Poland. [31] However, it decreases the portability of the bagel and prevents formation of sandwiches.[33]. A 2011 Time Magazine article lamented the American-ization of the bagel, calling it a symbol of assimilation at any cost. Our language has more than three dozen very similar ways of describing the act of complaining about something. There are also whole-grain and rye versions. Translations for. In Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, the bublik is essentially a much larger bagel, but have a wider hole, and are drier and chewier Other ring-shaped breads known among East Slavs are baranki (smaller and drier) and sushki (even smaller and drier). William Safire once noted that the end result is bland, stripped of everything that first made bagels popular to begin with. [41] and sometimes also with milk.[42]. ', "And I got bubkes for alimony and child support. Know what makes a New York bagel taste so distinctly delicious, This article was most recently revised and updated by. A bagel (Yiddish: beygl , Polish: bajgiel), also spelled beigel, is a bread product originating in Poland, traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from yeasted wheat dough, roughly hand-sized, which is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. Weiser (1995) maintains that Yeshivish is not a pidgin, creole, or an independent language, nor is it precisely a jargon. The Westin Hotels $1,000 bagel is topped with white truffle cream cheese and a Riesling jelly infused with goji berries and gold leaf. [24] By 2003, the average bagel sold on a Manhattan coffee cart weighed around 6 ounces (170g).[15]. [29] The resulting bagel has a fluffy interior and a chewy crust. [31] The St. Louis style bagels are sliced vertically multiple times, instead of the traditional single horizontal slice.
Bagel - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com "We bageled that bonus on the Franco-Mongol alliance in the first finals match."). For years, bagels remained a niche delicacy, little known outside the Jewish community. "Bagel" is a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straight. Um hate to tell you all this, but calling . What follows is a list of some of the more well-known words of Yiddish origin to have entered English. They are wonderful when very, very fresh and still spongy inside but quickly become tough and leathery, in which case the best thing is to cut them open and toast them. Step 2: Strain solids and discard (use fine mesh with cheesecloth for a clear stock). [10] Though Kaye (1991) would exclude English speakers in the context of a Yeshiva, studying the Talmud, from code-switching where he considers the terms "Yiddish English" or "Yiddishized English" ("= Yinglish") may be more appropriate.[11]. Bagels are made from the basic bread ingredients of flour, yeast, salt, and sweetening.