In 1908, George Reisner found eight triads representing Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various provinces of Egypt. Apart from the main pyramid, this complexhasthree smaller pyramids, two of which were left incomplete for an unknown reason. House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, limestone, New Kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty, c.1350 BCE (gyptisches Museum/Neues Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). The artists etching of the lions face and body, as well as the three, Standing at around four feet eight inches, the sculpture of Menkaure and His Queen is estimated to have been created between 2548 to 2530 BC. Menkaure was the fifth king in the line of the Fourth Dynasty, in the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. (Figure 4.4) A Quaker minister, Hicks treated his painting at first as a supplemental avocation, then as his primary means of supporting his family. Such a movement towards abstraction often derives from the artists wish to express an emotional or intellectual commentary on the subject, or to use the subject as a starting place to diverge from visual appearances of the purely physical phenomenal world in order to create a statement of some other ideas. According to archeological evidence, he ascended the throne after the death of his father Khafre in 2530 B.C. The author Nancy Luomala from the article "Matrilineal Reinterpretation of Some Egyptian Sacred Cows," contemplated on the ancient Egyptian power, and the matrimonial decline that men were able to acquire the position of Pharaoh. Three of Menkaure's queens are buried in small pyramids next to his at Giza, but their names are unknown. It means "Effective Spirit of the Aten". The sculpture is just under life-size, 54 inches tall. Some Egyptologists claim Khafre was also responsible for building the Great Sphinx. His stance appears assertive, indicative of his power. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. At first glance, the part of the sculpture that seems to stand out the most are the heads of the pharaoh and the queen. They could be applied as a single plane, but were also layered to create subtle effects and additional colors, such as pink or gray. He explored color theory in relationship to music, logic, human emotion, and the spiritual underpinnings of the abstractions that for centuries had been viewed and absorbed through religious icons and popular folk prints in his native Russia. Carving on softer stones was done using copper chisels and stone tools; hard stone required tools of yet harder stone, copper alloys, and the use of abrasive sand to shape them. And I think it's Is this fact or is it one of the many theories? 3000 BC circa Early Dynastic Period begins after the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt 2469-2150 BC Old Kingdom - establishment of the traditional artistic canon 2040-1640 BC Middle Kingdom 1550 BC New Kingdom - Egyptian artistic tradition at its height, great architectural achievements and big temples . And there, you see not The turning point in this evolutionthe moment when the achievement of naturalism was pronouncedwas with the creation of the Kritios Boy, c. 480 BCE. Akhenaten was a monotheist. BETH HARRIS: He changes it from DISCOVERY The statue of the Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture. Direct link to Lauren Swalec's post The size of the people in, Posted 10 years ago. She first served as co-ruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III, but later took power as a pharaoh herself. This article was most recently revised and updated by. Egyptian Museum, Cairo (New Kingdom) Photo: Dr. Amy Calvert, CC BY-NC. The massive size of this statue leaves one wondering if women have always been just as powerful as men, if not more., | Barbara Hepworth Two Figures The sculpture similarity to the standing forms of King Menkaure and his Queen., When I visited the Brooklyn Museum, I got to see many different works of art. This little panel But there is this radical those stylistic changes. The dyad of Menkaure and his Queen was undoubtedly a work of art meant to perpetuate the Egyptian pharaoh's glory. Were All Egyptian Pharaohs Buried in Pyramids? Where art is noted for its artistic style, which is drastically different from . The statue is made of granite and is currently housed at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Among these three pyramids, the largest and the fully completed one houses a statue of a Queen. There is a sense of the individual in both faces. to the pantheon of gods that traditional Egyptian Men standing in a high-ceilinged tomb chamber. Sensuously modeled with a beautifully proportioned body emphasized by a clinging garment, she articulates ideal mature feminine beauty. In 1908, George Reisner found eight "triads" representing Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various provinces of Egypt. giving life to these two people, and these two people alone. In modern history, he is particularly famous for the construction of his own tomb at the Giza necropolis, which is now universally known as the Pyramid of Menkaure. King Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen Egyptian Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Menkaura 2490-2472 B.C. 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Such representations were more for a political statement, rather than a reflection of the way she actually looked. notably in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, although many are unprovenanced. It is carved out of a stone block and can be considered a high-relief sculpture. On the right side of the, Queen Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh who ruled Egypt. The statue of the Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture. This gesture also showed how they did not respect Queen Hatshepsut because they altered her image as a male. It is almost 8 feet tall and almost 2.5 feet wide. Sometimes artists create an idealized version of a natural form rather than truly reflecting its actual appearance. The subjects featured in the artwork are Pharaoh Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. That is why most societies turned to patriarchal rule. he was known with differently named such as Mykerinos and Menkheres. Direct link to Steve Lederer's post I remember seeing a progr, Posted 9 years ago. Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. From there, it continues through a horizontal passage to the chamber, which is four meters high. The Pharaoh died before his pyramid was finished. However, the gods were not to be denied, and as the legend has it, Menkaure died after the six postulated calendar years. The sculptures of the Bust of Nefertiti and the Pharaoh Menkaure and his queen Khamernebty II are both represented as full round, however, there are many differences between the two. The many reliefs and paintings in this temple serve as sources from which we can draw conclusions about her life and her reign., These two statues are famous to the Egyptian art era. Of course, seeing the image at a different angle or under a different light could potentially make other areas of the sculpture stand out more. The drawing surface would be delineated using gridded guidelines, snapped onto the wall using string coated in red pigment dust (very much like chalk lines used by modern carpenters). If so, why did it fail? Recurrent strains of abstraction appear throughout the history of art, when artists elected to streamline, suppress, or de-emphasize reference to the phenomenal world. That definition suffers from over generality, though, since any physical or visual expression that has some reference to the physical world includes some aspect that we see as reflecting the physical world. The artist creates these two individual of royalty under one strong power, were the male figure represent authority and is supported by the naturalistic female queen, which is slightly less powering., The Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut is a magnificent piece of art located in the Egyptian section next to many other statues of the great pharaoh Hatshepsut. Circumstances would suggest that she was only a consort-queen, and not the queen of the female line. Was that right? This gesture shows how females are subordinate to males because they did not feel comfortable that their nation was being led by a female. H, Posted 10 years ago. King Menkaure Family 2. Only the name of one of his queens is known, Khamerernebty II, Menkaure's full sister and daughter of Khamerernebty I. He ruled Egypt for roughly 18 or 22 years, as indicated by the historical evidence that was discovered so far about him. fact, after Akhenaten dies, Egypt will return to its Stay up to date with our latest special offers: 2023 AskAladdin Limited. And, to some extent, all works are also abstract, in that they might remind us of what we see in the phenomenal world by only reflecting some physical feature(s) rather than detailing the object, place, or person itself. So this period is a very brief He also had a daughter who had a very uncomfortable relationship with her father. purely stylistic break. It does give a sense of This has always been one Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. Along the east face of the pyramid, Reisner located the upper temple where fragments of a colossal seated alabaster statue of the pharaoh appeared and the remains of the road that joined this building with the lower temple or the valley (which has not been found yet), where the purification rites of the kings mummy took place. pointing back to her mother at the same moment. In the broadest terms, if the work has visual reference to the phenomenal world, we consider it to be representational. Having said that, we can proceed to see art in terms of its relative representation or relative abstraction of the original form. The mortuary temple of the main pyramid of Menkaure holds 3 statues of the Pharaoh and Queen Khamerernebty II with an Egyptian Goddess, built of pink granite. Menkaure and His Queen Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe 1. Kingdom, the New Kingdom, and the transitional The artistic climate fostered widespread experimentation, and the synergistic atmosphere was a seedbed for new ideas and modes of working. Whereas her hips are wider than they would have been on a man. Perhaps, Menkaure did not have enough time to supervise construction works. The statue was found on January 10, 1910, during excavations carried out by members of Harvard University, in the temple of the Pyramid of Menkaure, near the Egyptian town of Giza. BETH HARRIS: Those rays of light Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. to Akhenaten, and yet a third daughter, the The pyramid of Menkaure had already been explored in 1834 by the British Richard Vyse, so Reisner focused on investigating other elements of the complex. This is a collection of images based on the bible story of The Birth of Moses.The images in this set are:Pharaoh, baby Moses in basket, baby Moses, Miriam by the water, Moses's mother sad, mother holding Moses, word art, Pharaoh angry, princess finding Moses in the water, princess, pyramid, soldier, soldier reading proclamation26 images (13 in . STEVEN ZUCKER: So Menkaure And His Queen Analysis. Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. break right around 1350. Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. The children are not as important, so they are much smaller. faces of the king and queen. Menkaure, also spelled Menkure, Greek Mykerinos, (flourished 26th century), fifth (according to some traditions, sixth) king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575-c. 2465 bce) of Egypt; he built the third and smallest of the three Pyramids of Giza. Her hand also looks lifelike, together with her feet. Very few metal statues survive because they were often melted down and the material reused, although preserved examples from the Old and Middle Kingdoms demonstrate that they were skilled not only in sheet metal forming, but also practiced complex casting. His wives were Queens Khamerernebty II and Rekhetre, while Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and probably his son. The first disaster that befell him was the death of his beloved daughter, who committed suicide, and then, the Oracle of Buto predicted that Menkaure would live for only six more years. Excavators first discovered the Kouros under the guidance of George Reisner (Harvard University - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . It is about 4 and a half feet tall. The response might be quite visceral or intellectual, nonetheless. Scene elements were drafted out using red paint, corrections noted in black paint, and then the painting was executed one color at a time. It is the Hebrew pronunciation of the ancient Egyptian term per-aa, meaning "Big House." Originally it referred to the royal estate, but came to be used for the king himself, just as we might say "The Palace" or "The White House." On the other hand, the basalt sarcophagus could have belonged to Menkaure, but unfortunately, nobody had the opportunity to examine it. Style quickly reverted to traditional forms. Answers: 1 on a question: What period of art they depict the pharaoh menkaure and his queen They also executed pieces in various metals, including copper, copper alloys (such as bronze), gold, and silver. Where the neckline is exposed, there is a layer that covers the figures breasts and appears to be similar to an undergarment for the dress that the sculpture is wearing. The figures depicted in the sculpture are Pharaoh Menkaure and, who is thought to be Queen Khamerernebty II. By contrast, the image of an Egyptian state official, Ka-Aper, who was not of royal rank, was created with a different idea. private domestic environment-- is a perfect example of When you the face on profile you can see that it looks very lifelike. Right: Drawing of the anthropoid coffin fragment inscribed with the name of the king Menkaura made by excavator Richard Vyse and published in 1840. source. This was the norm, for example, in depictions of royal figures in ancient Egypt. His wife, Queen Khamerernebty II was also probably buried in any of these three pyramids. The messengers asked the goddess of world order: "The father and grandfather of the great Menkaure locked the temples, did not honor the gods, oppressed the people, and lived happily until a ripe old age. Four years later, in 1906, archaeologist George Reisner began excavating in the vicinity of the Menkaure funerary complex, leading an expedition organized by Harvard University. Artisans excelled at puzzling together small, irregular pieces of wood and pegged them into place to create statuary, coffins, boxes, and furniture. in Egyptian art. https://web.archive.org/web/20140215025647/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/materials-and-techniques-of-the-ancient-egyptian-artist.html, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Menkaure and his Queen Artist/Culture: Old Kingdom, Egypt Date: 2530 BCE Materials/Medium: Greywacke or Graywacke / Slate (a variety of sandstone generally characterized by its hardness, dark color, and poorly sorted angular grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments or lithic fragments set in a compact, clay-fine matrix) youngest one, on her shoulder, playing with her earring. take a close look. A cache of royal jewelry from the tombs of Middle Kingdom princesses displays extremely high levels of skill in terms of design as well as precisely cut stone inlays, repouss, and cloisonn. Figure 5. According to tradition, Menkaure was . The Great Pyramid site of Giza ended up with three pyramids. Your email address will not be published. Excellence of craftsmanship is the hallmark of 18th-dynasty sculpture, in a revival of the best traditions of the Middle Kingdom. As art became more and more prevalent through the late 3rd and early 4th centurys artists began to focus more on anatomical perfection and realism borrowing artistic elements from other cultures such as the Greeks. Most pigments in Egypt were derived from local minerals. are squared with us. In June 1908, Reisner, after carrying out some surveys, focused his attention on discovering the remains of the Lower Temple of Menkaure. Representation, then, shows us some broad vision of what we see in the original, be it a person, landscape, interior, event, or such, with some level of detail. A partial list includes: Nome triad, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore seated, and King and Hare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus . In the funerary complex were found some of the finest sculptures of the Pyramid Age, including a slate statue group of Menkaure and his sister-wife Khamerernebti II and a number of smaller slate triads representing Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various nome (district) deities. Direct link to Sahnya Mehra's post It was probably just a mi, Posted 4 years ago. The story preserved in the legends says that he met his death suddenly. We don't really know the motive, only that everything changed back almost immediately. Only from this room leads a tilted tunnel to the real burial chamber. ), { "4.01:_INTRODUCTION" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_FORMAL_OR_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_TYPES_OF_ART" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_STYLES_OF_ART" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_BEFORE_YOU_MOVE_ON" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_What_is_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Structure_of_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Significance_of_Materials_Used_in_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Describing_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Meaning_in_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Connecting_Art_to_Our_Lives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Form_in_Architecture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Art_and_Identity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Art_and_Power" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Art_and_Ritual_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Art_and_Ethics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:psachantetal", "program:galileo" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FArt%2FBook%253A_Introduction_to_Art_-_Design_Context_and_Meaning_(Sachant_et_al. The most famous of these representations is the triad, a high relief depicting Menkaure, with the goddess Hathor by his side and a nome's personification of a province. The body of the sculpture is the largest part of the figure. But in some ways, there are elements of traditional Egyptian sculpture . And it's because the ruler, Four of these sculptures, which received the name of triads, were fragmented and incomplete, but four others were found complete and in an excellent state of conservation. Figure 6. Unfortunately, it never arrived there. So as much of the body is Direct link to Polina Viti's post After Akhenaten's death (, Posted 3 years ago. the worship of the god Amun to a new god, a sun Here Akhenaten says, no, Although she was a great ruler, the idea of having a female ruler was unfamiliar to Egyptians and it unsettled them. Aten is present, here It might have served as an offering at the grave to preserve their representations in the afterlife. The Marble Statue of a Kouros (youth) is an Archaic Greek statue from 590-680 BCE. In the twentieth century, though, this approach took on different character in some instances, with a stated rejection of the art as related to the natural world and concerned instead with the art itself, to the processes by which it was made, and with the product as referring to these processes and artistic qualities rather than to some out- side phenomenon: the observed world. His wives were Queens Khamerernebty II and Rekhetre, while Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and probably his son. He was the son of Pharaoh Khafre and the grandson of Pharaoh Khufu, both of whom are famous for their massive pyramid tombs in Giza. The first of these works is by Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899, France), who depicted a variety of animals in great detail with regard to their anatomy and physiognomy, and took great care to render her illustrations with fidelity to the appearance to the actual animals she had observed. His facial features are remarkably individualized with prominent eyes, a fleshy nose, rounded cheeks, and full mouth with protruding lower lip. Strange Tale Of Mysterious Thousand-Year-Old Underground Network Of Caves And Encounters With Subterranean Dwellers, Unexplained Mystery Of The Glowing Woman Who Baffled Scientists, Most Detailed Geological Model Reveals Earths Past 100 Million Years, Ecological Improvement Of Freshwater Ecosystems Benefits Fish And People, Shiitake Mushrooms And Its Evolution A New Study, Scientists Use Satellites To Track Earth Greening Amid Climate Change, Augmented Reality Headset Enables Users To See Hidden Objects. Menkaure was known to have two wives and one of them was his own sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. This is clear in both the Egyptian Sculpture Vizier (Figure 1) and the Roman sculpture Bust of and Unknown Man (Figure 2). The head would have helped to suggest the movement. At the eastern entrance, a hall with four columns flanked by rooms that looked like warehouses led to a large patio that gave access to the offering room, with six columns, and the sanctuary itself, next to which some rooms opened. The name of Menkaure was found written on scarabs dated to the 26th Dynasty, which may imply that he was worshiped in this period. . Although his pyramid and mortuary temple were unfinished at his death, his successor, Shepseskaf, completed the stonework of the mortuary temple in brick. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Corrections? Figure 2. After Akhenaten's death (when religion went back to the way it had been before), did art revert back to the traditional styles too? They had a son together, Khunre, but he died early. These bones were later dated from the early Christian era and had no connection to Pharaonic times. Standing at around four feet eight inches, the sculpture of Menkaure and His Queen is estimated to have been created between 2548 to 2530 BC. Reisner could barely contain his excitement . On the left, you have The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure which was enlarged in the 5th or 6th dynasty. (Figure 4.3) Artistically gifted and thoroughly trained, she went on to deepen her own knowledge and to hone her skills by visiting farms, veterinarian dissections, and slaughterhouses in order to develop extensive knowledge of her preferred subject matter, with which she created imagery of animals and other features of rural farm life. this new age, this new religion, from Egypt's past. The key is he makes him and his Menkaure is best known for his own pyramid at Giza, which is the smallest of the three pyramids at the site. Here, Akhenaten And then we can see rays He had several brothers and some of them served as viziers in the royal court of Menkaure; as per the evidence, their names were Nebemakhet, Nikaure, Iunmin, and Nikaure. Findspot: Egypt, Giza, Menkaura Valley Temple Medium/Technique Greywacke Dimensions Overall: 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm, 676.8 kg (56 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/4 in., 1492.1 lb.) entire priesthood of Egypt by making him and his Legal. It is difficult to outsmart fate, but the ruler tried to do it. Iron oxide nodules, source of a range of red pigments, Thebes. One bore his successor, Shepseskaf, and the other bore him a daughter, Khentkawes, who would later mater . The glaze coating could be almost any color, depending on the minerals used in the composition, although turquoise blue is the most common. Photo: Dr. Amy Calvert, CC BY-NC. Sepulchral Chamber of Men-ka-ra. It is not known for sure, but this artwork is believed to be from Hierakonpolis, Egypt. Fortunately, the coffin reached the Museum because it traveled on another boat. He was the son and probably the successor of Khafre and, according to the Turin papyrus, reigned for 18 (or 28) years. In ancient Egypt, hierarchy was glorified to signify the contribution and power they had. Direct link to drszucker's post Style quickly reverted to. So, while it is a representational image of the royal body, the need to depict him as a fit and worthy ruler meant that he was generally shown as being in the prime of life, with a trim and perfectly proportioned physique, and with no apparent hint of weakness or vulnerability. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. . King Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen Egyptian Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Menkaura 2490-2472 B.C. traditional religion. However, the artists of both the statues are unknown., The sculptures' color is natural granodiorite. Painted raised relief in the Temple of Seti I at Abydos (New Kingdom). He also discovered the funerary chapels of the three satellite pyramids belonging to the wives of Menkaure and some tombs of funerary priests in charge of the royal cult. (Figure 4.8) Because the king was regularly assessed with regard to his favor with the gods and fitness to rule, he was required to be in top physical condition or so he must . More information on the materials used to make pigments, as well as a discussion of the symbolism of various colors may be found in the article Aspects of Color in Ancient Egypt at Egyptological. carving-- which would have been placed in a This (apparently) "boring". According to the historian Manetho, Menkaure succeeded a king called Bikheris. When you go down to the detail level, especially the face and hands are prominent. It is a little over 6 feet tall and about 20 inches at its widest. God is present. of light that pour down. Fragment of a sphinx of King Menkaure (Mycerinus). Direct link to Keith's post They do look more like le, Posted 11 years ago. Relief was usually carved before being painted. It had been invited by Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, and some of the great archaeologists of [] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menkaure-king-of-Egypt, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Seated Statue of King Menkaure.